RT Book, Section
A1 Aisiku, Imoigele P.
A1 DeBlieux, Peter M.C.
A2 Farcy, David A.
A2 Chiu, William C.
A2 Marshall, John P.
A2 Osborn, Tiffany M.
SR Print(0)
ID 1135700167
T1 Acute Respiratory Failure
T2 Critical Care Emergency Medicine, 2e
YR 2016
FD 2016
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9780071838764
LK accessemergencymedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1135700167
RD 2024/04/19
AB The  respiratory  system  primarily  functions  to  provide  adequate  oxygenation  and  carbon  dioxide  elimination  for  the  purposes  of  sustaining  aerobic  metabolism  and  pH  homeostasis.  Acute  respiratory  failure  (ARF)  is  broadly  defined  as  the  inability  to  effectively  manage  gas  exchange  due  to  an  impairment  of  the  respiratory  system.  Although  the  etiologies  of  respiratory  failure  are  too  numerous  to  list,  the  underlying  pathophysiologic  mechanisms  are  similar  and  usually  lead  to  a  final  common  pathway.  A  consensus  definition  has  not  been  established  for  ARF.  Several  large  studies  have  defined  severe  ARF  or  acute  respiratory  distress  syndrome  (ARDS)  as  a  PaO2/FiO2  ratio  0.6  (hypoxemic)  or  a  PaCO2  >50  (hypercapnic).  ARDS  recently  has  been  redefined.  The  American  European  Consensus  definition  had  been  used  since  1994  and  was  replaced  with  the  Berlin  definition  in  20121,2  (Table  10-1).  Irrespective  of  the  criterion  used  to  establish  ARF,  it  can  generally  be  stated  that  all  patients  with  respiratory  impairment  will  have  either  primary  ventilatory  or  primary  oxygenation  impairment  (Figure  10-1).