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A systematic approach to evaluating neurologic symptoms includes localizing the problem anatomically and distinguishing peripheral disorders from those with a central etiology. Peripheral nerve disorders may affect sensory, motor, and autonomic functions (Table 146-1).
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GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME
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Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute polyneuropathy characterized by immune-mediated peripheral nerve myelin sheath or axon destruction. It can be associated with a viral or febrile illness, Campylobacter jejuni infection, or vaccination.
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Diagnosis and Differential
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Although numerous variants exist, the typical presentation from GBS includes ascending symmetric weakness or paralysis and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Respiratory failure and significant autonomic fluctuations may occur. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis typically shows high protein and a normal cell count (Table 146-2).
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Emergency Department Care and Disposition
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Initial treatment includes supportive care which may include respiratory support as the disease progresses.
Consultation with a neurologist for admission to a monitored setting is recommended.
Administration of IV immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis may shorten the time to recovery.
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Bell's palsy causes seventh cranial nerve dysfunction. Patients may complain of facial weakness, articulation problems, difficulty keeping an eye closed, or inability to keep food in the mouth on one side.
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Diagnosis and Differential
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Physical examination findings demonstrate weakness on ...