Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content +++ CLASSIFICATION OF SKIN CHANGES ++ Acute renal failure Edema Uremic frost (deposition of urea crystals on the skin’s surface in severe uremia) Chronic renal failure Edema Uremic frost Calciphylaxis Bullous disease of hemodialysis (pseudoporphyria, see Section 23) Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy Acquired perforating dermatosis +++ CALCIPHYLAXIS ICD-10: E83.59 ++ Calciphylaxis is characterized by progressive cutaneous tissue ischemia and necrosis associated with small-vessel vasculopathy with endovascular calcification, intimal proliferation and fibrin thrombi. It occurs most often in the setting of end-stage renal disease,Ýiabetes mellitus, secondary hyperparathyroidism and warfarin use. Precipitating factors: Warfarin, corticosteroids, albumin infusions, IM tobramycin, iron dextran complex, calcium heparinate, and vitamin D. Preinfarctive lesions show mottling or a livedo reticularis pattern, dusky red (Fig. 18-1A). Turn into black, leathery eschar (Fig. 18-1B) and ulcer with tightly adherent black or leathery slough. Ulcers enlarge over weeks to months; when debrided reach down to fascia and beyond; areas of plate-like induration can be palpated surrounding infarcted or ulcerated lesions (Fig. 18-2). Extremely painful. Lower extremities, abdomen, buttocks, and penis. Azotemia. Calcium X phosphate ion product usually elevated. Parathyroid hormone levels usually but not always elevated. Dermatopathology: Calcification of media of small- and medium-sized blood vessels in dermis and subcutaneous tissues. Slowly progressive, despite therapy. Ulcers become secondarily infected. Management: Treatment of renal failure, sodium thiosulfate infusions/intralesional (infusions can be complicated by metabolic acidosis), partial parathyroidectomy when indicated, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, bisphosphonates, and debridement of necrotic tissue. ++ FIGURE 18-1 Calciphylaxis (A) Early stage. An area of mottled erythema, starburst-like, and reminiscent of livedo reticularis with two small ulcerations. Patient has chronic renal failure and is on hemodialysis. Even at this early stage, lesions are extremely painful. (B) Calciphylaxis, more advanced lesion. An area of jagged necrosis on the lower leg in a patient with diabetes and chronic renal failure who is on hemodialysis. The surrounding skin is indurated and represents a plate-like subcutaneous mass that is appreciated only upon palpation. Graphic Jump LocationView Full Size||Download Slide (.ppt) ++ FIGURE 18-2 Calciphylaxis, extensive (A) A large ulcerated and painful lesion is noted in the medial thigh; the surrounding skin is indurated and hairless. The proximal purpuric area is an “earlier” lesion that became ulcerative six weeks later. (B) Surrounding purpura is noted with early bulla formation and ulceration. The patient complained mostly of pain. (Used with permission of Dr. Kenneth Greer.) Graphic Jump LocationView Full Size||Download Slide (.ppt) +++ NEPHROGENIC FIBROSING DERMOPATHY (NFD)/NEPHROGENIC SYSTEMIC FIBROSIS (NSF) ICD-10: L90.8 ++ Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy (NFD) is a fibrosing disorder in patients with acute or chronic renal failure. Most patients receive hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis; in acute renal failure, NFD occurs without dialysis. It is part of a wider spectrum of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) involving the heart, lungs, diaphragm, skeletal muscle, liver, genitourinary tract, and central nervous system.... Your Access profile is currently affiliated with [InstitutionA] and is in the process of switching affiliations to [InstitutionB]. Please select how you would like to proceed. Keep the current affiliation with [InstitutionA] and continue with the Access profile sign in process Switch affiliation to [InstitutionB] and continue with the Access profile sign in process Get Free Access Through Your Institution Learn how to see if your library subscribes to McGraw Hill Medical products. Subscribe: Institutional or Individual Sign In Error: Incorrect UserName or Password Username Error: Please enter User Name Password Error: Please enter Password Sign in Forgot Password? Forgot Username? Sign in via OpenAthens Sign in via Shibboleth You already have access! Please proceed to your institution's subscription. Create a free profile for additional features.