Editors
David M. Cline, MD
Professor and Director of Departmental
Research
Department of Emergency Medicine
Wake Forest University
School of Medicine
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
O. John Ma, MD
Professor and Chair
Department of Emergency
Medicine
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon
Rita K. Cydulka, MD, MS
Professor and Vice
Chair
Department of Emergency Medicine
MetroHealth Medical Center
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
Garth D. Meckler, MD, MSHS
Associate Professor
Assistant
Section Chief and Fellowship Director
Department of Emergency Medicine
and Pediatrics
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland,
Oregon
Daniel A. Handel, MD, MPH
Associate Professor
Department of Emergency Medicine
Oregon
Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon
Stephen H. Thomas, MD, MPH
George Kaiser Family Foundation
Professor & Chair
Department of Emergency Medicine
University
of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Contributors
Kathleen M. Adelgais, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Section of
Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver School of
Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
D. Adam Algren, MD, Assistant Professor, Department
of Emergency Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of
Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
Donald H.
Arnold, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and
Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville,
Tennessee
Aaron Barksdale, MD, Assistant
Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas
City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
Paul
W. Beck, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Southwest Regional
Medical Center, Waynesburg, Pennsylvania
Amy J.
Behrman, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
Perelman University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
Burton Bentley II, MD,
Attending Emergency Physician, Northwest Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona
Chad E. Branecki, MD, Assistant Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center,
Omaha, Nebraska
Eric Brown, MD, Staff
Physician, St. John Medical Center, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Boyd D. Burns, DO, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine,
Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oklahoma University
School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Derya
Caglar, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency
Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
J. Hayes Calvert, DO, Clinical Instructor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston
Salem, North Carolina
Shaun D. Carstairs, MD,
Associate Professor, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine,
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
Mark X. Cicero, MD, Assistant Professor, Yale
University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Ilene Claudius, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine, LAC+USC, Los Angeles, California
David
M. Cline, MD, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Director of Departmental
Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Robert L.
Cloutier, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine and
Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
Marc F. Collin, MD, Associate Professor of
Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland,
Ohio
Rita Cydulka, MD, Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, Case Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, Ohio
Nicole M. DeIorio, MD,
Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon
Jeff
Dixon, MD, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine, University of Oklahoma, School of Community Medicine, Tulsa,
Oklahoma
Daniel J. Egan, MD, Associate
Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Luke's
Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York
Todd
Ellingson, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
Scott Felten, MD, FACEP, Assistant Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Oklahoma School of Community
Medicine – Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Ross J.
Fleischman, MD, MCR, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency
Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
Stephen B. Freedman, MDCM, MSc, Associate Professor
of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and
Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
L. Keith French, MD,
Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon
Sarah
Andrus Gaines, MD, Assistant Professor (Clinical), Department of
Emergency Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
Boris Garber, DO, Assistant Professor, Department
of Emergency Medicine, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
Medley O'Keefe Gatewood, MD, Assistant
Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine,
University of Washington Medical Center, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle,
Washington
Joshua Gentges, DO, Assistant
Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Oklahoma, School
of Community Medicine, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Casey
Glass, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake
Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Jonathan Glauser, MD, MBA, Associate Professor
Emergency Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical
Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
Steven Go, MD, Associate Professor, Department of
Emergency Medicine, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of
Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
Jeffrey M.
Goodloe, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, Oklahoma
John E. Gough, MD, Professor, Department of
Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
Matthew C. Gratton, MD, Associate Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Missouri at Kansas City
School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
William
K. Gray, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
University of Oklahoma, School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Geetika Gupta, MD, Clinical Faculty, Department of
Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan/ St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
Jason B. Hack, MD,
Associate Professor, Director, Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of
Emergency Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
Jeffrey L. Hackman, MD, Assistant Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas
City, Missouri
Daniel A. Handel, MD, MPH,
Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon
Abigail D.
Hankin, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Matthew L.
Hansen, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
Josh Hargraves, MD, Assistant Professor, Department
of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
N. Stuart Harris, MD, MFA, Associate Professor of
Surgery, Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts
Mark R. Hess, MD, Assistant
Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Brian C. Hiestand
MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake
Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Lance H. Hoffman, MD, Associate Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center,
Omaha, Nebraska
B. Zane Horowitz, MD,
Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon
Jonathan S. Ilgen,
MD, MCR, Acting Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Robert
Jones, DO, Associate Professor, Emergency Medicine, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio
Christopher
Kabrhel, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Michael
P. Kefer, MD, Attending Emergency Physician, Lake Country Emergency
Physicians, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin
Allyson A.
Kreshak, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
Sara Laskey, MD, Associate Professor, Department of
Emergency Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine,
Cleveland, Ohio
Katrina A. Leone, MD,
Education Fellow and Clinical Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
Michael Levine, MD, Attending physician, Department
of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Banner Good
Samaritan Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
Deborah
R. Liu, MD, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Emergency
Medicine, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, USC
Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
Jean C.Y. Lo, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
Dave W. Lu, MD, MBE, Acting Instructor, Division of
Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle,
Washington
Thomas W. Lukens, MD, PhD,
Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio
O. John Ma, MD,
Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon
Jonathan
Maisel, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
David E. Manthey, MD, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Department of
Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North
Carolina
Anitha Mathew, Clinical
Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta,
Georgia
Rodney L. McCaskill, MD, Associate
Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, WakeMed, Raleigh, North
Carolina
Henderson D. McGinnis, MD,
Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of
Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
Ann T.
McIntosh, MD, Community Emergency Physician and Educator, Department of
Emergency Medicine, Methodist Hospital, St. Louis Park, Minnesota
C. Crawford Mechem, MD, MS, Associate Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School
of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Garth
D. Meckler, MD, MSHS, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine and Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland,
Oregon
Christopher Melton, MD, Residency
Program Director, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Department of
Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little
Rock, Arkansas
Michael G. Mikhail, MD,
Chief, Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital,
University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Chadwick D. Miller, MD, MS, Associate Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Alicia B. Minns,
MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Department of Emergency
Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
Alix L. Mitchell, MD, Senior Instructor, Department
of Emergency Medicine, Case Western School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
Maya C. Myslenski, MD, Assistant Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland,
Ohio
Vincent Nacouzi, MD, Attending
Emergency Physician, North Raleigh Medical Center, Raleigh, North Carolina
Milan D. Nadkarni, MD, Associate Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston
Salem, North Carolina
Sandra L. Najarian, MD,
Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Case Western Reserve
University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
John
C. Nalagan, MD, Assistant Professor, Director of Medical Student
Education, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Oklahoma School
of Community Medicine, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Joshua
Nogar, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
University of California, San Diego, California
Jeffrey
G. Norvell, MD, Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine,
University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
James O'Neill, MD, Assistant Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Andrew D. Perron,
MD, Professor & Residency Program Director, Department of Emergency
Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine
Jeanmarie
Perrone, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
Eugenia B. Quackenbush, MD,
Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, UNC-Chapel Hill
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Thomas
A. Rebbecchi, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School/Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New
Jersey
Timothy Reeder, MD, MPH, Associate
Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at
East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
Howard Roemer, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa,
Oklahoma
Matthew J. Scholer, MD, PhD,
Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Sachita
P. Shah, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
Jessica
L. Smith, MD, Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Associate
Residency Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical
School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
Mitchell C. Sokolosky, MD, Associate Professor and
Residency Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest
School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
David M. Spiro, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine and Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland,
Oregon
Marc D. Squillante, DO, Associate
Professor, Emergency Medicine Residency Program Director, Department of
Surgery/Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois College of
Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois
Charles
Stewart, MD, MSc(DM), MPH, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Department
of Emergency Medicine, University of Oklahoma, School of Community Medicine,
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Amy M. Stubbs, MD,
Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of
Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
Christine
Sullivan, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
Carolyn K. Synovitz, MD, MPH, Clinical Associate
Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Oklahoma, School
of Community Medicine, Tulsa, Oklahoma
James
Kimo Takayesu, MD, MSc, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Christian A. Tomaszewski, MD, Department of
Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San
Diego, California
T. Paul Tran, MD,
Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of
Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
Adam
Vella, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount
Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York
Robert
J. Vissers, MD, Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
Michael C. Wadman, MD, Associate Professor,
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Nebraska College of
Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
Richard A. Walker,
MD, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of
Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
Jim
Edward Weber, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Vicky Weidner, MD, Assistant Professor and Director
of Simulation, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Oklahoma,
School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Sandra
L. Werner, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine,
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
Lori Whelan, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Mary A. Wittler, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency
Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Stacie Zelman, MD, Assistant Professor, Department
of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North
Carolina
Mark R. Zonfrillo, MD, MSCE,
Assistant Professor, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of
Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania