Clinical and/or laboratory findings in poisoning |
Agitation | Anticholinergics,a ethanol and sedative–hypnotic withdrawal, hypoglycemia, phencyclidine, sympathomimeticsb |
Alopecia | Alkylating agents, radiation, selenium, strontium, thallium |
Ataxia | Benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, carbon monoxide, ethanol, hypoglycemia, lithium, mercury, phenytoin, nitrous oxide |
Blindness or decreased visual acuity | Caustics (direct), cocaine, cisplatin, mercury, methanol, quinine, thallium |
Blue skin | Amiodarone, FD&C #1 dye, methemoglobin, silver, sulfhemoglobin |
Constipation | Anticholinergics,a botulism, lead, opioids, thallium (severe) |
Tinnitus, deafness | Aminoglycosides, cisplatin, heavy metals, loop diuretics, quinine, salicylates |
Diaphoresis | Amphetamines, cholinergics,c ethanol and sedative–hypnotic withdrawal, hypoglycemia, opioid withdrawal, salicylates, serotonin syndrome, sympathomimeticsb |
Diarrhea | Arsenic and other metals/metalloids, boric acid (blue-green), botanical irritants, cathartics, cholinergics,c colchicine, iron, lithium, opioid withdrawal, radiation |
Dysesthesias, paresthesias | Acrylamide, arsenic, ciguatera, cocaine, colchicine, n-hexane, thallium |
Gum discoloration | Arsenic, bismuth, hypervitaminosis A, lead, mercury |
Hallucinations | Anticholinergics,a dopamine agonists, ergot alkaloids, ethanol, ethanol and sedative–hypnotic withdrawal, LSD, phencyclidine, sympathomimetics,b tryptamines (e.g., AMT) |
Headache | Carbon monoxide, hypoglycemia, monoamine oxidase inhibitor/food interaction (hypertensive crisis), nitrites, serotonin syndrome |
Metabolic acidosis (elevated anion gap) | Cyanide, ethylene glycol, ketoacidosis (diabetic, starvation, alcoholic), iron, isoniazid, lactic acidosis, metformin, methanol, paraldehyde, phenformin, protease inhibitors, salicylates, toluene, uremia |
Miosis | Cholinergics,c clonidine, opioids, phencyclidine, phenothiazines |
Mydriasis | Anticholinergics,a botulism, methanol, opioid withdrawal, sympathomimeticsb |
Nystagums | Barbiturates, carbamazepine, carbon monoxide, ethanol, lithium, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, phencyclidine, phenytoin, quinine |
Purpura | Anticoagulant rodenticides, clopidogrel, corticosteroids, heparin, pit viper venom, quinine, salicylates, warfarin |
Radiopaque ingestions | Arsenic, “body packer,” chloral hydrate, enteric-coated tablets, halogenated hydrocarbons, metals (e.g., iron, lead) |
Red skin | Anticholinergics,a boric acid, disulfiram interaction, hydroxocobalamin, scombroid, vancomycin |
Rhabdomyolysis | Carbon monoxide, doxylamine, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, sympathomimetics,bTricholoma mushrooms |
Salivation | Arsenic, caustics, cholinergics,c ketamine, mercury, phencylidine, strychnine |
Seizures | Bupropion, carbon monoxide, cyclic antidepressants, ethanol and sedative–hypnotic withdrawal, Gyromitra mushrooms, hypoglycemia, isoniaziad, theophylline |
Tremor | Antipsychotics, arsenic, carbon monoxide, cholinergics,c ethanol, lithium, mercury, methyl bromide, sympathomimetics,b thyroid replacement |
Weakness | Botulism, diuretics, magnesium, neuromuscular blockers, paralytic shellfish, steroids, toluene |
Yellow skin | Acetaminophen (late), Amanita mushrooms, β-carotene, dinitrophenol, pyrrolizidine alkaloids |