1. Mandavia DP, Aragona J, Chan L, et al. Ultrasound training for emergency physicians—a prospective study. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:1008–1014.
2. Palepu GB, Deven J, Subrahmanyam M. Impact of ultrasonography on central venous catheter insertion in intensive care. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2009;19:191–198.
3. Shojania KG, Duncan BW, McDonald KM, et al. Making health care safer: a critical analysis of patient safety practices. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2001;43:i–x, 1–668.
4. DeFrances CJ, Hall MJ. 2002 National Hospital Disaster Survey. Adv Data. 2004;342:1–30.
5. McGee DC, Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med. 2003;348: 1123–1133.
6. Merrer J, De Jonghe B, Golliot F, et al. Complications of femoral and subclavian venous catheterization in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;286:700–707.
7. Sznajder JI, Zveibil FR, Bitterman H, et al. Central vein catheterization: failure and complication rates by three percutaneous approaches. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:259–261.
8. Mansfield PF, Hohn DC, Fornage BD, et al. Complications and failures of subclavian-vein catheterization. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1735–1738.
9. Leung J, Duffy M, Finckh A. Real-time ultrasonographically-guided internal jugular vein catheterization in the emergency department increases success rates and reduces complications: a randomized, prospective study. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;48:540–547.
10. Theodoro D, Bausano B, Lewis L, Evanoff B, Kollef M. A descriptive comparison of ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation of the internal jugular vein to landmark-based subclavian vein cannulation. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Apr;17(4):416–422.
11. Miller AH, Roth BA, Mills TJ, Woody JR, Longmoor CE, Foster B. Ultrasound guidance versus the landmark technique for the placement of central venous catheters in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9:800–805.
12. Randolph AG, Cook DJ, Gonzales CA, Pribble CG. Ultrasound guidance for placement of central venous catheters: a meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med. 1996 Dec;24(12):2053–2058.
13. Slama M, Novara A, Safavian S. Improvement of internal jugular vein cannulation using an ultrasound-guided technique. Int Care Med. 1997;23:916–919.
14. Lewin MR, Stein J, Wang R. Humming is as effective as Valsalva's maneuver and Trendelenburg's position for ultrasonographic visualization of the jugular venous system and common femoral veins. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50:73–77.
15. Stone MB, Moon C, Sutijono D, et al. Needle tip visualization during ultrasound-guided vascular access: short-axis vs long-axis approach. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28: 343–347.
16. Blaivas M. Video analysis of accidental cannulation with dynamic ultrasound guidance for central venous access. J Ultrasound Med. 2009;28:1239–1244.
17. Timsit JF. What is the best site for central venous catheter insertion in critically ill patients? Crit Care. 203;7: 397–399.
18. Denys BG, Uretsky BF, Reddy PS. Ultrasound-assisted cannulation of the internal jugular vein. A prospective comparison to the external landmark-guided technique. Circulation. 1993;87:1557–1562.
19. Hrics P, Wilber S, Blanda MP, Gallo U. Ultrasound-assisted internal jugular vein catheterization in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 1998;16:401–403.
20. Lorente L, Henry C, Martín MM, et al. Central venous catheter-related infection in a prospective and observational study of 2,595 catheters. Crit Care. 2005;9:631–635.
21. McKinley S, Mackenzie A, Finfer S, et al. Incidence and predictors of central venous catheter related infection in intensive care patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1999;27:164–169.
22. Werner SL, Jones RA, Emerman CL. Effect of hip abduction and external rotation on femoral vein exposure for possible cannulation. J Emerg Med. 2008;35:73–75.
23. Hilty WM, Hudson PA, Levitt MA, et al. Real-time ultrasound-guided femoral vein catheterization during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29:331–336.
24. Constantino TG, Parikh AK, Satz WA, et al. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access versus traditional approaches in patients with difficult intravenous access. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;46:456–461.
25. Juvin P, Blarel A, Fabienne B, et al. Is peripheral line placement more difficult in obese than in lean patients? Anesth Analg. 2003;96:1218.
26. Dargin JM, Rebholz CM, Lowenstein RA, et al. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous catheter survival in ED patients with difficult access. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28:1–7.
27. Adhikari S, Blaivas M, Morrison D. Comparison of infection rates among ultrasound-guided versus traditionally placed peripheral intravenous lines. J Ultrasound Med. 2010;29:741–747.
28. Gregg SC, Murthi SB, Sisley
AC, Stein DM, Scalea TM. Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous access in the intensive care unit.
J Crit Care. 2010 Sep;25(3):514–519. Epub 2009 Oct 15.
29. Levin PD, Sheinin O, Gozal Y. Use of the ultrasound in the insertion of radial artery catheters. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(2):481–484.
30. Maher JJ, Dougherty JM. Radial artery cannulation guided by Doppler ultrasound. Am J Emerg Med. 1989;7:260–262.
31. Sandhu NS. The use of ultrasound for axillary artery catheterization through the pectoral muscles: a new anterior approach. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:562–565.
32. American College of Emergency Physicians. ACEP emergency ultrasound guidelines—2001. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:470–481.
33. Tsang T, Enriquez-Sarano M, Freeman W, et al. Consecutive 1127 therapeutic echocardiographically guided pericardiocenteses: clinical profile, practice patterns, and outcomes spanning 21 years. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:429–436.
34. Wong B, Murphy J, Chang CJ, et al. The risk of pericardiocentesis. Am J Cardiol. 1979;44:1110–1114.
35. Dewitz A, Jones R, Goldstein J. In Ma OJ, Mateer JR, Blaivas M, eds. Emergency Ultrasound: Additional Ultrasound Guided Procedure. New York: McGraw Hill; 2008:507–551.
36. Salem K, Mulji A, Lonn E. Echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis—the gold standard for the management of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. Can J Cardiol. 1999;15:1251–1255.
37. Fagan SM, Chan KL. Pericardiocentesis: blind no more! Chest. 1999;116:275–276.
38. Lindenberger M, Kjellberg M, Karlsson E, et al. Pericardiocentesis guided by 2D echocardiography: the method of choice for treatment of pericardial effusion. J Int Med. 2003;253:411–417.
39. Mynarek G, Brabrand K, Jakonsen JA, et al. Complications following ultrasound guided thoracocentesis. Acta Radiol. 2004;5:519–522.
40. Jones PW, Moyers JP, Rogers JT, et al. Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis—is it a safer method? Chest. 2003;123:418–423.
41. Diacon AH, Brutsche MH, Soler M. Accuracy of pleural puncture sites: a prospective comparison of clinical examination with ultrasound. Chest. 2003;123:436–441.
42. Mayo PH, Goltz HR, Tafreshi M, et al. Safety of ultrasound-guided thoracentesis in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest. 2004;125:1059–1062.
43. Pihlajamaa K, Bode MK, Puumalainen T. Pneumothorax and the value of chest radiography after ultrasound-guided thoracocentesis. Acta Radiol. 2004;8:828–832.
44. Park SC, Ryu JH, Yeom SR, et al. Confirmation of endotracheal intubation by combined ultrasonographic methods in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas. 2009;21:293–297.
45. Grmec S. Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:701–704.
46. Drescher MJ, Conard FU, Schamban NE. Identification and description of esophageal intubation using ultrasound. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:722–725.
47. Sustić A. Role of ultrasound in the airway management of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:S173–S177.
48. Ma G, Davis DP, Schmitt J, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of transcricothyroid ultrasonography to confirm endotracheal tube placement in a cadaver model. J Emerg Med. 2007;32:405–407.
49. Weaver B, Lyon M, Blaivas M. Confirmation of endotracheal tube placement after intubation using the ultrasound sliding lung sign. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:239–244.
50. Salz TO, Wilson SR, Leibmann O, et al. An initial description of a sonographic sign that verifies intrathoracic chest tube placement. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28:626–630.
51. Broadbent CR, Maxwell WB, Ferrie R, et al. Ability of anesthetists to identify a marked lumbar interspace. Anaesthesia. 2000;55:1122–1126.
52. Nomura JY, Leech SJ, Shenbagamurthi S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-assisted lumbar puncture. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26:1341–1348.
53. Watson MJ, Evans S, Thorp JM. Could ultrasonography be used by an anaesthetist to identify a specified lumbar interspace before spinal anaesthesia? Br J Anaesth. 2003;90:509–511.
54. Sandoval M, Shestak W, Sturmann K, et al. Optimal patient position for lumbar puncture, measured by ultrasonography. Emerg Radiol. 2004;10:179–181.