Newborn |
Obstructive intestinal anomalies | Esophageal stenosis/atresia, pyloric stenosis, intestinal
stenosis/atresia, malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated
hernia, meconium ileus/plug, Hirschsprung disease, imperforate
anus, enteric duplications |
Neurologic | Intracranial bleed/mass, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema,
kernicterus |
Renal | Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency |
Infectious | Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis |
Metabolic/endocrine | Inborn errors of metabolism (urea cycle, amino/organic
acid, carbohydrate), congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
Miscellaneous | Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, necrotizing enterocolitis,
milk allergy, GI perforation |
Infant
(<12 mo) |
Obstructive intestinal anomalies | Pyloric stenosis, malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated hernia,
Hirschsprung disease, enteric duplications, intussusception, foreign
body, bezoars, Meckel diverticulum |
Neurologic | Intracranial bleed/mass, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema |
Renal | Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency |
Infectious | Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis, otitis
media, pneumonia, pertussis, hepatitis |
Metabolic/endocrine | Inborn errors of metabolism, adrenal insufficiency, renal
tubular acidosis |
Miscellaneous | Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, post-tussive, peritonitis,
drug overdose |
Child (>12 mo) | |
Obstructive intestinal anomalies | Malrotation ± volvulus, incarcerated hernia, Hirschsprung
disease, intussusception, foreign body, bezoars, Meckel diverticulum,
acquired esophageal stricture, peptic ulcer disease, adhesions, superior
mesenteric artery syndrome |
Neurologic | Intracranial bleed/mass, cerebral edema, postconcussive,
migraine |
Renal | Urinary tract infection, obstructive uropathy, renal insufficiency |
Infectious | Viral illness, gastroenteritis, meningitis, sepsis, otitis
media, pneumonia, hepatitis, streptococcal pharyngitis |
Metabolic/endocrine | Inborn errors of metabolism, adrenal insufficiency, renal
tubular acidosis, diabetes mellitus, Reye syndrome, porphyria |
Miscellaneous | Ileus, gastroesophageal reflux, post-tussive, peritonitis,
drug overdose, appendicitis, pancreatitis, gastritis, Crohn disease,
pregnancy, psychogenic, cyclic vomiting syndrome |