TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Sepsis and Septic Shock A1 - Farcy, David A. A1 - Osborn, Tiffany M. A2 - Farcy, David A. A2 - Chiu, William C. A2 - Marshall, John P. A2 - Osborn, Tiffany M. PY - 2016 T2 - Critical Care Emergency Medicine, 2e AB - Since the days of Hippocrates, infection has been a leading cause of death. Major scientific discoveries and the findings of medical research have shaped the way we think about and manage infections. Severe sepsis and septic shock remain a major healthcare challenge worldwide, affecting an estimated 56 to 91 out of every 100,000 individuals. Of the 120 million patients presenting to United States (US) emergency departments (EDs) each year, 2.9% or over 600,000 are diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock. Sepsis is responsible for 9% of all deaths in the United States each year—a total of approximately 210,000 fatalities. By comparison, only 180,000 people die of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and only 200,000 of lung or breast cancer annually. With healthcare costs in the United States totaling $387 billion in 2011, septicemia was the most expensive admission diagnosis, at a cost of over $20.3 billion, or 5.2% of the total aggregate cost of all hospitalizations. Historically, hospital mortality for sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock has been 15%, 20%, and 47%, respectively.1–4 Since the advent of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC), sepsis mortality decreased from 35% to 15.4% in Australia and New Zealand, and from over 45% to 25% in the United Kingdom.5–10 Increased compliance with quality improvement measures and sepsis initiatives have resulted in similar mortality risk reductions in the United States. During a 7.5-year study period, a 25% reduction was observed.11 In countries without sepsis quality initiatives, mortality for severe sepsis and septic shock is reported between 22% and 76%.12,13 SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accessemergencymedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1135702950 ER -