TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Immersion Injury (Trench Foot)
A1  - Zafren, Ken
A1  - Thurman, R. Jason
A1  - Jones, Ian D.
A2  - Knoop, Kevin J.
A2  - Stack, Lawrence B.
A2  - Storrow, Alan B.
A2  - Thurman, R. Jason
Y1  - 2021
N1  - 
T2  - The Atlas of Emergency Medicine, 5e
AB  - Immersion  injury  is  a  peripheral  nonfreezing  cold  injury  resulting  from  exposure  to  water,  usually  at  temperatures  just  above  freezing.  However,  the  condition  can  occur  during  prolonged  exposure  to  any  cold  wet  environment.  Dependency  and  immobility  predispose  to  immersion  injury.  The  degree  of  injury  depends  on  exposure  time  and  temperature.  The  first  symptoms  usually  appear  within  hours.  Tissue  loss  may  occur  after  many  days  of  exposure,  but  is  more  likely  due  to  tissue  necrosis  or  compartment  syndrome  due  to  swelling  inside  boots  than  to  immersion  injury.  Prior  to  rewarming,  the  distal  extremities  are  numb  and  swollen.  The  skin  is  first  red,  then  changes  to  pale,  mottled,  or  black.  Cramping  of  the  calves  may  occur.  Immersion  injury  is  distinct  from  tropical  immersion  foot  or  warm-water  immersion  foot  as  seen  in  the  Vietnam  War.  Tropical  immersion  foot  was  typically  seen  after  3  to  7  days  of  exposure  to  water  at  22°C  to  32°C.  Warm-water  immersion  foot  was  seen  after  1  to  3  days  at  15°C  to  32°C.  These  syndromes  were  characterized  by  burning  in  the  feet,  pain  on  walking,  pitting  edema,  and  erythema,  with  wrinkling  and  hyperhydration  of  the  skin.  They  resolved  completely  after  rest  and  removal  from  the  wet  environment.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/16
UR  - accessemergencymedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1181050846
ER  -