TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Acute Kidney Injury A1 - Boswell, Kimberly A. A1 - Menaker, Jay A. A2 - Farcy, David A. A2 - Chiu, William C. A2 - Marshall, John P. A2 - Osborn, Tiffany M. PY - 2016 T2 - Critical Care Emergency Medicine, 2e AB - Acute kidney injury (AKI), formally known as acute renal failure (ARF), is a well-established entity in the critically ill and has long been studied. It is categorized by a sudden decrease in a patient's glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which ultimately leads to the body's inability to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and toxin homeostasis. There are many etiologies, of which the most frequent and applicable to the emergency medicine physician will be described in this chapter. Regardless of the etiology, every diagnosis can be placed among one of three categories, including prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal causes. The frequency of various etiologies is largely dependent on the patient. Hospitalized patients more often have intrinsic renal disease (most commonly acute tubular necrosis) due to sepsis, ischemia, or exposure to nephrotoxic medications or substances.1 Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) are more likely to have pre- and postrenal causes in addition to intrinsic glomerular disease etiologies such as nephritic or nephrotic patterns. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accessemergencymedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1135701828 ER -