TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Vomiting, Diarrhea, and Gastroenteritis A1 - Lucio, Simon J. A2 - Tenenbein, Milton A2 - Macias, Charles G. A2 - Sharieff, Ghazala Q. A2 - Yamamoto, Loren G. A2 - Schafermeyer, Robert PY - 2019 T2 - Strange and Schafermeyer's Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 5e AB - Vomiting and diarrhea due to acute infectious gastroenteritis remains one of the most common etiologies of childhood morbidity and mortality, especially in impoverished countries.Bilious vomiting in a neonate raises suspicion for bowel obstruction, especially malrotation, with or without a volvulus.Life-threatening causes of vomiting include bowel obstructions, increased intracranial pressure, diabetic ketoacidosis, and inborn errors of metabolism.Life-threatening causes of diarrhea include toxic megacolon and Escherichia coli O157.Most dehydrated patients with gastroenteritis can be treated with oral rehydration solutions that now contain lower concentrations of glucose and sodium.Ondansetron can facilitate oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and decrease the need for intravenous (IV) therapy.Rotavirus is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea worldwide and the leading cause of infant death in the developing world.New vaccines against rotavirus are safe and effective and have decreased morbidity and mortality associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis.Campylobacter are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in developed countries and have been implicated as one of the cause of traveler’s diarrhea. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/11/08 UR - accessemergencymedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1155427348 ER -