RT Book, Section
A1 Suchard, Jeffrey R.
A2 Nelson, Lewis S.
A2 Howland, Mary Ann
A2 Lewin, Neal A.
A2 Smith, Silas W.
A2 Goldfrank, Lewis R.
A2 Hoffman, Robert S.
SR Print(0)
ID 1163020988
T1 Chemical Weapons
T2 Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 11e
YR 2019
FD 2019
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9781259859618
LK accessemergencymedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1163020988
RD 2024/04/16
AB The  first  well-documented  intentional  use  of  chemicals  as  weapons  occurred  in  423  B.C.  when  Spartans  besieging  Athenian  cities  burned  pitch-soaked  wood  and  brimstone  to  produce  sulfurous  clouds.88  Large-scale  chemical  warfare  began  in  World  War  I  when  the  Germans  released  chlorine  near  Ypres,  Belgium,  killing  hundreds  of  people  and  forcing  15,000  troops  to  retreat.19,48  Both  sides  rapidly  escalated  the  use  of  toxic  gases  released  from  cylinders  or  by  artillery  shells,  including  various  pulmonary  irritants,  lacrimators,  arsenicals,  and  cyanides.