RT Book, Section
A1 Pfennig, Camiron L.
A1 Brown, B. Ethan
A2 Knoop, Kevin J.
A2 Stack, Lawrence B.
A2 Storrow, Alan B.
A2 Thurman, R. Jason
SR Print(0)
ID 1181053061
T1 Urine
T2 The Atlas of Emergency Medicine, 5e
YR 2021
FD 2021
PB McGraw-Hill
PP New York, NY
SN 9781260134940
LK accessemergencymedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1181053061
RD 2024/04/19
AB Although  a  urinalysis  gives  definitive  microscopic  clues  to  the  presence  of  disease,  gross  appearance  can  provide  useful  clues  prior  to  formal  urinalysis  results.  Color,  clarity,  odor,  and  associated  pain  give  insight  to  the  presence  of  disease.  Normal  urine  appearance  ranges  from  transparent  yellow  to  dark  amber,  which  is  due  to  urobilin,  a  bile  pigment  of  hemoglobin.  Dark  urine  (see  Fig.  25.50)  may  be  due  to  dehydration  or  high  concentrations  of  bilirubin  in  the  blood.  Deep  red  or  brown  urine  may  suggest  porphyria.  Other  causes  of  red  urine  include  myoglobinuria  due  to  hemolysis  from  brown  recluse  envenomation  (see  Fig.  25.51),  rhabdomyolysis  (see  Fig.  25.52),  hematuria  from  cancer  (see  Fig.  25.53),  ureteral  stones,  clotting  disorders,  recent  genitourinary  surgery,  urinary  tract  infection,  sexually  transmitted  infection,  or  falsely  present  in  females  during  menses.  Blackberries,  beets,  rhubarb,  rifampin,  phenazopyridine,  and  senna  can  turn  urine  a  red-orange  color.  Food  dyes,  methylene  blue,  indomethacin,  and  propofol  may  turn  urine  blue-green.